How Does Evolution Work?

Evolutionists openly admit that they don’t know how evolution supposedly occurs (see bottom of page) so when they are challenged to give hypothetical scenarios, most of the time they retreat in silence as seen on our forum:

When likely scenarios are actually proposed, they routinely:

Suggest that a particular ‘need’ produces change, and/or;
Cite a mechanism that has not been scientifically proven to cause the genetic change that is claimed, and/or;
Builds on component structures that appear out of nowhere, and/or;
Omits specific mention of a likely genetic mechanism.

EVEN EVOLUTIONISTS ADMIT TO NOT KNOWING HOW EVOLUTION SUPPOSEDLY WORKS:

"Students should realize that although virtually all scientists accept the general concept of evolution of species, scientists do have different opinions on how fast and by what mechanisms evolution proceeds.”
The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Educational Benchmarks, (F) Evolution of Life
http://www.project2061.org/publications/bsl/online/ch5/ch5.htm#F
“Scientists are still uncovering the specifics of how, when, and why evolution produced the life we see on Earth today."
Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/geotime/main/foundation_life3.html
“But they are trying to figure out how evolution happens, and that's not an easy job.”
University of California Museum of Paleontology and the National Center for Science Education
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_50
“Precisely how and at what rates descent with modification occurs are areas of intense research. For example, much work is under way testing the significance of natural selection as the main driving force of evolution.”
The American Geological Institute
http://www.agiweb.org/news/evolution/mechanismforchange.html

THE FOLLOWING ARE TWO EVOLUTIONARY SCENARIOS THAT ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN HOW EVOLUTION CREATES AN EYE:

Example #1

“The simple light-sensitive spot on the skin of some ancestral creature gave it some tiny survival advantage, perhaps allowing it to evade a predator. Random changes then created a depression in the light-sensitive patch, a deepening pit that made "vision" a little sharper. At the same time, the pit's opening gradually narrowed, so light entered through a small aperture, like a pinhole camera.
Every change had to confer a survival advantage, no matter how slight. Eventually, the light-sensitive spot evolved into a retina, the layer of cells and pigment at the back of the human eye. Over time a lens formed at the front of the eye. It could have arisen as a double-layered transparent tissue containing increasing amounts of liquid that gave it the convex curvature of the human eye.”
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.html

Critique of terms used:

“Random changes …”
No mention of a likely genetic process.
“simple light-sensitive spot”
No explanation for the initial evolution of each complex component that makes-up the spot or the response triggers that activate the flagella. Read how complex “spots” are:
“These eyes constitute the simplest and most common visual system found in nature. The eyes contain optics, photoreceptors and the elementary components of a signal-transduction chain. Rhodopsin serves as the photoreceptor, as it does in animal vision. Upon light stimulation, its all-trans-retinal chromophore isomerizes into 13-cis and activates a photoreceptor channel
which leads to a rapid Ca2+ influx into the eyespot region. At low light levels, the depolarization activates small flagellar current which induce in both flagella small but slightly different beating changes resulting in distinct directional changes. In continuous light, Ca2+ fluxes serve as the molecular basis for phototaxis. In response to flashes of higher energy the larger photoreceptor currents trigger a massive Ca2+ influx into the flagella which causes the well-known phobic response.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431675
“ … evolved into a retina,”
No explanation for the evolution of the components of a fully formed retina, the optic nerve, or the independent specific mental and neural capacity required for interpreting the information. The following describes the components of a retina:
“It contains millions of photoreceptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses. These impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain where they are turned into images.
There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina: rods and cones. The retina contains approximately 6 million cones. The cones are contained in the macula, the portion of the retina responsible for central vision. They are most densely packed within the fovea, the very center portion of the macula.
There are approximately 125 million rods. They are spread throughout the peripheral retina and function best in dim lighting. The rods are responsible for peripheral and night vision.”
http://www.stlukeseye.com/anatomy/Retina.asp

Example #2

“This ancient animal probably had very simple eye spots with no image-forming ability, but still needed some diversity in eye function. It needed to be able to sense both slow, long-duration events such as the changing of day into night, and more rapid events, such as the shadow of a predator moving overhead. These two forms arose by a simple gene duplication event and concomitant specialization of association with specific G proteins, which has also been found to require relatively few amino acid changes. This simple molecular divergence has since proceeded by way of the progress of hundreds of millions of years and amplification of a cascade of small changes into the multitude of diverse forms we see now. There is a fundamental unity that arose early, but has been obscured by the accumulation of evolutionary change. Even the eyes of a scorpion carry an echo of our kinship, not in their superficial appearance, but deep down in the genes from which they are built.”
http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2008/03/eyeing_the_evolutionary_past.php?page=3

Critique:

“ … but still needed some diversity in eye function. It needed to be able to sense …”
An organism senses a need? This suggests that a particular need produces change:
“Contrary to a widespread public impression, biological evolution is not random, even though the biological changes that provide the raw material for evolution are not directed toward predetermined, specific goals.”
“Science, Evolution, and Creationism,” 2008, National Academy of Sciences (NAS), The National Academies Press, 3rd edition, page 50.
“ … very simple eye spots,”
Refer to above “Example #1.”
“ … simple gene duplication event”
There is NO such thing as a “simple gene duplication event” let alone one that changes the coding sequence to instruct the cell to build an unknown structure that it never possessed before.
An overview of this claim:
a. For a gene to be inherited by offspring, it MUST reside in a germ cell:
"Crossing-over during meiosis usually occurs with great precision. Homologous genes pair with each other, and although genes which were together on the chromosome before meiosis may now be on opposite chromosomes of the pair, each chromosome still contains a complete set of genes. Occasionally, however, an error occurs and pairing during meiosis is imperfect. Under these circumstances—unequal crossing-over, one of the daughter chromosomes contains a duplicated gene, while the other one exists with a gene deleted...."
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2149296
b. To reduce selective pressure, the new gene must ‘neutralize’ its existing coding sequence.
c. The gene must randomly assemble a previously unknown sequence that codes for the detailed instructions to begin building a new structure.
d. The new gene sequence must become fixed in a population so that it’s preserved.
“A duplicated gene newly arisen in a single genome must overcome substantial hurdles before it can be observed in evolutionary comparisons. First, it must become fixed in the population, and second, it must be preserved over time. Population genetics tells us that for new alleles, fixation is a rare event, even for new mutations that confer an immediate selective advantage. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that one in a hundred genes is duplicated and fixed every million years (Lynch and Conery 2000), although it should be clear from the duplication mechanisms described above that it is highly unlikely that duplication rates are constant over time.”
http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&
doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020206&ct=1
“concomitant specialization”
This apparently means that, “rather than having two copies of a gene do two things poorly, they both specialize on one substrate.”
http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2008/03/pz-meyers-casey.html#
more Comment #145689
Evolutionists devise all sorts of redundant and scientific sounding terms when they want to make something sound complicated. This term adds nothing to describe how the genetic process occurred.
“of association with specific G proteins”
An overview of this claim:
a. The new gene must first somehow ‘acquire’ a molecular switch (G protein) from another gene that had an unrelated function. (Which would inactivate the other gene thus prohibiting all of its functions.)
b. The new gene must reprogram the molecular switch to coincide with the specific regulation needed to precisely regulate the new gene function:
“G-proteins have been so named because they bind guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Gilman and Rodbell found that G-proteins act as signal transducers, which transmit and modulate signals in cells. G-proteins have the ability to activate different cellular amplifier systems. They receive multiple signals from the exterior, integrate them and thus control fundamental life processes in the cells.”
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/press.html
See movie: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bU4955rLv_8&feature=related



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