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Supposedly Work?

> Genetics

> Mutations

> Genetic Recombination

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> “Junk” DNA – The Biggest Blunder of Evolutionary-Based Science

> Endogenous Retroviruses

	“In short, the notion that molecules of germ cells … are in states of perpetual change is not, in our present understanding of cell biology, tenable. This doesn’t mean that “molecular change” does not occur; only that mechanisms provoking such change in germ cells are likely instantaneous and stochastic and probably often lethal (Maresca and Schwartz 2006) – which will preclude their persistence into future generations.” —Jeffrey H. Schwartz and Bruno Maresca “Do Molecular Clocks Run at All? A Critique of Molecular Systematics” Biology Theory, 2006, Vol. 1, No. 4, Pages 357-371 http://www.mitpressjournals .org/doi/abs/10.1162/biot .2006.1.4.357

Genetic Recombination

As evolutionists slowly back away from citing mutations and natural selection as mechanisms that might produce novel and more complex traits, the prominence of genetic recombination is rising. Genetic recombination is now more frequently mentioned but evolutionists are still trying to figure out how it works:

• “To the surprise of many, recent research indicates that most recombination occurs in small regions of the genome called hotspots. As scientists have explored details of this process, it's become clear that the majority — approximately 80 percent — of recombination occurs at these narrow bands of activity, only 1,000 to 2,000 DNA bases wide … Little is known about hotspot origins or how they work.”
  http://www.physorg.com/news93521345.html

Only the specific cells involved in meiosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis can produce inheritable changes. Meiosis occurs when two ‘parent’ chromosomes combine to create an offspring that carries the combination of two difference sets of alleles. Alleles are coding or non-coding sequences found in specific locations (loci) of each chromosome and they determine the unique and specialized DNA make-up of an organism:

• “An example is the gene for blossom colour in many species of flower — a single gene controls the colour of the petals, but there may be several different versions (or alleles) of the gene. One version might result in red petals, while another might result in white petals. The resulting colour of an individual flower will depend on which two alleles it possesses for the gene and how the two interact.”
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele

Meiosis begins with each chromosome pairing up and exchanging similar (homologous) portions of their DNA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover. This is a complex and precise process that has safeguards during it to preserve the integrity of the DNA. If chromosomal breaks and mutations do occur, further accumulations of them typically cause birth defects, disease, or programmed cell death (apoptosis):

• “Efficient genetic recombination requires near-perfect homology between participating molecules.”
  http://mcb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/6110
  
• “At the genomic level, recombination creates diversity by reshuffling genetic information between homologous chromosomes … Alterations in the normal recombination pattern are often associated with errors in chromosome segregation in humans, and these errors are a major cause of spontaneous abortions and congenital birth defects, including mental retardation.”
  (Go to “Meiotic Recombination Does Not Occur at Random Throughout the Genome”)
  http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=
  10.1371/journal.pbio.0050333&ct=1
  
• “Although crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes, similarities in sequence can result in mismatched alignments. These processes are called unbalanced recombination. Unbalanced recombination is fairly rare compared to normal recombination, but severe problems can arise if a gamete containing unbalanced recombinants becomes part of a zygote.”
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover
  
• “Each chromatid contains a single molecule of DNA. So the problem of crossing over is really a problem of swapping portions of adjacent DNA molecules. It must be done with great precision so that neither chromatid gains or loses any genes. In fact, crossing over has to be sufficiently precise that not a single nucleotide is lost or added at the crossover point if it occurs within a gene. Otherwise a frameshift would result and the resulting gene would produce a defective product or, more likely, no product at all …
  Any failure that is detected stops the process and usually causes the cell to self-destruct by apoptosis.”
  http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Meiosis.html
  
• “No nucleotide sequences are altered at the site of exchange; the cleavage and rejoining event occur so precisely that not a single nucleotide is lost or gained.”
  "Essential Cell Biology” textbook, Second Edition, Section 6:21, 2003 Garland Science (See PDF)
  
• “Meiotic cells possess a surveillance mechanism referred to as the ‘pachytene’ checkpoint or the meiotic recombination checkpoint that monitors these critical meiosis-specific events … In response to defects in recombination that lead to accumulation of unrepaired DSBs and/or other recombination intermediates, the pachytene checkpoint triggers meiotic cell cycle arrest or delay to prevent meiotic chromosome missegregation (Roeder and Bailis, 2000)."
  http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/116/2/259

Non-homologous genetic recombination during meiosis is cited by evolutionists as another possible mechanism that might create novel or more complex traits to appear. But, there is NO empirical evidence that has shown this to be true and the effects are neutral or, most often, harmful to the organism:

• “Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells, as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities.”
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#Genetic_recombination
  
• “Apart from other reported cases in the laboratory it is clear that non-homologous recombination is not a very common phenomenon.”
  http://74.6.239.67/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=non-homologous+ recombination+answers+
  in+genesis&y=0&fr=yfp-t-501&u=www.la-press.com/cr_data/files/f_EBO-3-Robins-et-al_494 .
  pdf&w=non+homologous+recombination+answers+genesis&d=WeCs9fReRge8&icp=1&.intl=us
  
• “Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. NHEJ is referred to as "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homologous recombination, which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair …
  Inappropriate NHEJ can lead to translocations and telomere fusion, hallmarks of tumor cells.”
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining

Another genetic recombination process cited by evolutionists that supposedly creates novel or more complex traits is called ‘site-specific’ recombination. This occurs when short sequences of mobile elements insert themselves in specific locations (loci) of DNA segments.

Evolutionists previously referred to these mobile elements as ‘junk DNA’ (see http://www.whoisyourcreator.com/
junk_dna.html) and they are still trying to figure out what they are, how they work, and how they get ‘randomly’ inserted in an incredibly precise manner.

Because most evolutionists are unwilling to admit their folly in calling essential DNA “junk” DNA, they now have devised a story claiming that evolution turned the “trash to treasure” (see quote below).
There is absolutely NO evidence for this premise and it reflects their persistent belief in the religion of Humanism. http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html

• “Evolution has mastered the art of turning trash to treasure - though, for scientists, witnessing the transformation can require a bit of patience. In new genetic research, scientists have traced the 170 million-year evolution of a piece of "junk" DNA to its modern incarnation as an important regulator of energy balance in mammals.
  The discovery, they said, suggests that regions of the genome formerly presumed to be a genetic junkyard may actually be a hardware superstore, providing components that can be used to evolve new genes or new species …
  "The classical view has considered genomic sequences derived from mobile elements as "junk" DNA-a large accumulation of useless sequences," said Rubinstein. "However, more recent work, including the findings in this paper, is producing convincing evidence that these sequences provided raw material for the evolution of novel gene functions."”
  http://www.geneticarchaeology.com/Research/Evolution_Transforms_Junk_DNA_into_Genetic_Machinery.asp

Transposition is another term for a type of genetic recombination. Genetic elements called transposons move and insert themselves within the same chromosome, to a different chromosome, or can even move to a dissimilar location. Retroviruses are one type of transposable elements – Go to:

http://www.whoisyourcreator.com/endogenous_retroviruses.html

Even though transposons were discovered over 60 years ago, evolutionists also labeled them as “junk DNA,” so research on them is severely lacking. Until recently, transposons have always been associated with DNA damage.

	"Other sources of variation, such as sexual reproduction, genetic crossing over, and transposition, primarily produce only rearrangements of existing information and do not create new genetic information. These other mechanisms of change yield phenotypic variations that will produce, at best, only a limited amount of microevolution." —Jerry Bergman, Ph.D. Human Biology, M.S. Biomedical Science, Ph.D. Measurement and Evaluation, Fellow of the American Scientific Association, member of The National Association for the Advancement of Science, in ‘Darwinism and the Deterioration of the Genome,’ Vol. 42, No. 2 of the Creation Research Society Quarterly. http://www.trueorigin.org/mutations01.asp